Class 12 Maths Formulas: Chapter-wise Revision Guide

Looking for Class 12 Maths formulas chapter by chapter? This page is the complete directory of NCERT Class 12 Maths formula pages — all 13 chapters of the syllabus, each with its own revision page. Find the chapter you are studying and jump straight to its formula sheet.

This hub is for CBSE students revising for board exams or working through the syllabus chapter-wise. Every formula page here follows the same plan: formulas grouped by topic, the conditions attached to them, and a worked example you can test yourself on.

Use the directory below to reach a chapter, check the chapter notes under the table if you are not sure which page you need, and follow the revision workflow further down for the best order to revise. For other classes, the Maths Formulas hub lists formula pages class by class.

Class 12 Maths chapters and their formula pages

All 13 chapters of the rationalised NCERT Class 12 Maths syllabus appear in the table below, one row per chapter with a link to its formula page. If you are unsure which page you need, use the chapter notes under the table to match the chapter to its formula list.

Here is what each chapter’s formula sheet covers, in NCERT order:

• Relations and Functions — definitions of reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations, plus the conditions for one-one, onto and invertible functions.
• Inverse Trigonometric Functions — domain, range and principal value branches of the six inverse functions, and the identities used to simplify composite expressions.
• Matrices — matrix types, addition, scalar multiplication, matrix multiplication, transpose and invertibility, with the order conditions each operation needs.
• Determinants — minor, cofactor, adjoint and inverse formulas, determinant properties, area of a triangle, and solving linear systems.
• Continuity and Differentiability — continuity conditions, derivative rules for standard, implicit, logarithmic, exponential, parametric and second-order functions, and Rolle’s theorem with the mean value theorem.
• Application of Derivatives — rate of change, tangents and normals, approximation, increasing and decreasing intervals, and the maxima-minima formulas used in word problems.
• Integrals — standard indefinite and definite integral formulas, substitution, partial fractions, integration by parts, and the properties used to evaluate definite integrals.
• Application of Integrals — area under a curve and area between two curves, set up through definite integrals.
• Differential Equations — order and degree, formation of differential equations, and the solving methods for variable-separable, homogeneous and linear equations.
• Vector Algebra — vector addition, scalar multiplication, dot and cross products, projection formulas, and parallel-perpendicular conditions.
• Three Dimensional Geometry — direction cosines, equations of lines and planes, angles between lines and planes, and distance formulas in 3D.
• Linear Programming — the linear programming problem setup, feasible region, and the corner point method for maxima and minima.
• Probability — conditional probability, the multiplication theorem, Bayes’ theorem, random variables, probability distributions and the binomial distribution.

How to use these Class 12 Maths formulas

These formula pages work best as a revision layer over the NCERT textbook. Use the four-step workflow, then follow the dependency order so that earlier chapters support the later ones.

Four-step revision workflow

1. Open the chapter you are revising from the directory above and scan its formula sheet.
2. Learn definitions and conditions before the formulas. For inverse trigonometric functions, the domain and the principal value branch decide which formula applies.
3. Match formulas to NCERT exercise types. Each chapter page notes which kinds of textbook questions its formula set supports, so pick one exercise per type and apply the formulas to it.
4. Test recall with the solved example. Cover the worked solution on the chapter page, attempt the problem with fresh numbers, then compare your steps.

Which chapters to revise first

Some chapters supply tools that later chapters assume. Revise in this dependency order:

• Relations and Functions before Inverse Trigonometric Functions — both feed later calculus work, especially when simplifying composite expressions.
• Matrices before Determinants — determinant formulas build on matrix operations and the idea of an inverse.
• Continuity and Differentiability before Integrals — integration rules assume you can differentiate.
• Integrals before Application of Integrals and Differential Equations — both later chapters use integration as a tool.
• Vector Algebra before Three Dimensional Geometry — the 3D formulas are written in vector form.

NCERT Part I and Part II structure

The NCERT textbook for Class 12 Maths is divided into two parts. Part I holds Chapters 1-6 and Part II holds Chapters 7-13. You can verify the chapter list and its exercises on the official textbook pages — NCERT Mathematics Part I and NCERT Mathematics Part II — while you revise chapter by chapter.

Board revision checklist by chapter

Grouped by chapter, here is what to drill and which NCERT exercise types each formula set supports:

Chapter weightage changes year to year. Before you decide which chapters to prioritise, check the latest CBSE sample paper rather than relying on older weightage.

Common Class 12 Maths formula mistakes to avoid

• Ignoring domain restrictions in inverse trigonometric functions. Each inverse function has a principal value branch; a formula applied outside its domain gives the wrong branch.
• Dropping the constant of integration. Every indefinite integral needs + C, because the antiderivative is a family of functions.
• Confusing rows and columns in matrix multiplication. The number of columns in the first matrix must equal the number of rows in the second, and AB is generally not BA.
• Missing the cofactor sign pattern in determinants. When you expand a determinant or build an adjoint, cofactors alternate in sign; one missed sign changes the inverse.

What each Class 12 Maths formula page contains

Every chapter formula page in this hub is built from the NCERT Class 12 syllabus. Each page follows the same internal structure, so once you learn one page you can move through the rest quickly.

• Formula sheet grouped by topic — the chapter’s formulas arranged by topic rather than in the order they appear in the book.
• Definitions and conditions — domain and range notes where applicable, such as principal value branches for inverse functions and order conditions for matrix products.
• One original worked example — a solved problem with fresh numbers, worked step by step.
• Common mistakes and corrections — the errors students make most in that chapter and how to avoid them.
• Board-preparation pointers — which NCERT exercise types to practise with each formula set.

Read any page in this order: definitions first, then the formula list, then the solved example. The definition and conditions line tells you when a formula applies; the example shows you how to apply it.

Class 12 Maths formulas: common questions

Which Class 12 Maths formula pages are listed here?

All 13 chapters of the NCERT Class 12 Maths syllabus are listed in the directory above, from Relations and Functions to Probability. Each chapter has its own formula page, and every row in the table links to it.

How do I revise Class 12 Maths formulas in the last week before boards?

Follow the dependency order above and open one chapter page each day. Read the formula sheet, note the conditions, and test yourself by attempting the worked example with fresh numbers. Do not start new chapters late in the week; instead, re-practise the exercise types you have already covered.

Do I need to study the chapters in NCERT order?

Not strictly. NCERT Mathematics Part I covers Chapters 1-6 and Part II covers Chapters 7-13, but some chapters depend on earlier ones. Follow the dependency map — for example, do Integrals after Continuity and Differentiability, and Three Dimensional Geometry after Vector Algebra.

Are these formula pages a replacement for the NCERT textbook?

No. Use them for revision, formula recall and quick reference, but keep the NCERT textbook for definitions, proofs and full exercises. Board questions are set from the NCERT syllabus, so the textbook remains the primary source.

Reference: NCERT textbooks (CBSE).